Starship Asterisk*

[b]A gaggle of moons[/b] [i](Credit: NASA/JPL/SSI; Color Composite: Emily Lakdawalla)[/i]

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Cassini caught a particularly nice grouping of moons two days ago through the red, green, and blue filters needed to make a natural color view. A couple of other sites have posted this image already but I couldn't resist making my own color version. There are five moons here (left to right): Janus, Pandora, Enceladus, Mimas, and Rhea.

When I see groupings like this I wonder: just how precisely did they need to time their capturing of this photo, in order to catch all five moons? And would it have been possible to get it with Rhea entirely within the frame? ... the three moons on the left are on the far side of Saturn from Cassini and moving to the left, while the two moons on the right are nearer to Cassini than Saturn and are moving to the right.

Of course there wasn't a single "moment" when Cassini snapped the color photo; it took the original red, green, and blue images one after the other. That always makes the task of composing color views challenging. Here's an intermediate step in the processing, in which I'd aligned the rings with each other, but not yet the moons:

To finish the images, I had to do some cutting and pasting to align everything -- I picked the position that everything occupied in the first, red-filter image, because the moons were clustered more tightly and because that way there would be less fudging of the rings involved. It was easy to line up Janus and Enceladus -- just cut out and move the green and blue images until they lined up with the red one. Pandora was slightly harder, because when you cut out Pandora you're also cutting some rings; I had to take bits of rings from elsewhere to fill in the gaps left behind. The most challenging was Mimas and Rhea because of their overlap and because there was less of Rhea available in blue and green filters than there was in the red filter. I could have chosen to crop the image where Rhea ended in the blue filter but I wanted to preserve a view of more of Rhea, so I fudged that by filling the gaps in Rhea coverage in green and blue filters with a strip of data from the red-filter image, adjusting its brightness to match the appearance of Rhea in the other two filters. It works fine because that strip lies near the terminator (day-night boundary) where variation across Rhea has more to do with light-and-dark shading from topography than it does with any color changes there may be across Rhea's surface.

One thing that didn't take much work is the color. Often with Cassini images there's a subjective step in which you have to adjust the levels of the different channels to make the colors look right. But whenever there is a color composite containing both black space and Enceladus, getting the colors right is easy. Black space is black; Enceladus is pretty darn close to white. The automatic contrast stretch applied to the raw images doesn't actually do any stretching (or, at least, doesn't stretch the different-color channels in different ways) when there's a lot of black and white pixels already in the photo. So the rest of the colors come out pretty close to true.

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The Cassini spacecraft observes three of Saturn's moons set against the darkened night side of the planet.

Saturn is present on the left this image but is too dark to see. Rhea (1,528 kilometers, or 949 miles across) is closest to Cassini here and appears largest at the center of the image. Enceladus (504 kilometers, or 313 miles across) is to the right of Rhea. Dione (1,123 kilometers, or 698 miles across) is to the left of Rhea, partly obscured by Saturn.

This view looks toward the northern, sunlit side of the rings from just above the ringplane.

The image was taken in visible red light with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on April 25, 2011. The view was obtained at a distance of approximately 2.2 million kilometers (1.4 million miles) from Rhea and at a Sun-Rhea-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 67 degrees. Image scale is 13 kilometers (8 miles) per pixel on Rhea. The view was obtained at a distance of approximately 3 million kilometers (1.9 million miles) from Enceladus and at a phase angle of 67 degrees. Image scale is 18 kilometers (11 miles) per pixel on Enceladus. The view was obtained at a distance of approximately 3.1 million kilometers (1.9 million miles) from Dione and at a phase angle of 67 degrees. Image scale is 19 kilometers (12 miles) per pixel on Dione.

Credit: NASA/JPL/SSI

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Five moons -- dominated by Rhea in the foreground -- share this Cassini spacecraft view with Saturn's rings seen nearly edge-on.

Rhea (1,528 kilometers, or 949 miles across) is largest here and is closest to Cassini. Dione (1,123 kilometers, or 698 miles across) can be seen just above the rings near the center of the image. Tiny Prometheus (86 kilometers, or 53 miles across) is just barely visible in the rings to the right of Dione. Epimetheus (113 kilometers, or 70 miles across) is to the right of the rings, and Tethys (1,062 kilometers, or 660 miles across) is on the extreme right of the image.

This view looks toward the anti-Saturn side of Rhea and toward the northern, sunlit side of the rings from just above the ringplane.

The image was taken in visible light with the Cassini spacecraft wide-angle camera on Jan. 11, 2011. The view was obtained at a distance of approximately 61,000 kilometers (38,000 miles) from Rhea and at a Sun-Rhea-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 15 degrees. Scale on Rhea is 4 kilometers (2 miles) per pixel.

Credit: NASA/JPL/SSI

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Shadows cast by Saturn's rings darken the southern hemisphere of the planet and give a truncated appearance to the bottom of this Cassini spacecraft image.

Saturn's moon Tethys (1,062 kilometers, or 660 miles across) is part of this scene on the right. The smaller moon Epimetheus (113 kilometers, or 70 miles across) completes this composition and can be seen below the center of the image.

This view looks toward the northern, sunlit side of the rings from just above the ringplane. Lit terrain seen on Tethys is on the area between the trailing hemisphere and anti-Saturn side of the moon.

The image was taken with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on March 8, 2011 using a spectral filter sensitive to wavelengths of visible red light centered at 619 nanometers. The view was obtained at a distance of approximately 3.2 million kilometers (2 million miles) from Saturn and at a Sun-Saturn-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 87 degrees. Scale on Saturn is 19 kilometers (12 miles) per pixel.

Credit: NASA/JPL/SSI

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The right-hand limb of Saturn's moon Mimas appears flattened as Herschel Crater is viewed edge-on in this Cassini spacecraft image. The planet's rings are in the background.

Herschel Crater is 130 kilometers (81 miles) wide and located on the moon's leading hemisphere. See Examining Herschel Crater for a straight-on view of the crater.

This view looks toward the anti-Saturn side of Mimas (396 kilometers, or 246 miles across). North on Mimas is up and rotated 16 degrees to the left. This view looks toward the southern, unilluminated side of the rings from just below the ringplane.

The image was taken in visible light with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on Jan. 31, 2011. The view was acquired at a distance of approximately 260,000 kilometers (161,000 miles) from Mimas and at a Sun-Mimas-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 9 degrees. Image scale is 2 kilometers (1 mile) per pixel.

Credit: NASA/JPL/SSI

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Thin Line, Broad Shadows
Cassini Solstice Mission | 2011 Feb 21

Saturn's rings appear as only a thin line seen edge-on in the middle of this Cassini view, but the rings cast broad shadows on the southern hemisphere of the planet in the lower left of the image.

This view looks toward the southern, unilluminated side of the rings from just below the ringplane.

The image was taken with the Cassini spacecraft wide-angle camera on Jan. 9, 2011 using a spectral filter sensitive to wavelengths of near-infrared light centered at 728 nanometers. The view was acquired at a distance of approximately 796,000 kilometers (494,000 miles) from Saturn and at a Sun-Saturn-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 147 degrees. Image scale is 44 kilometers (27 miles) per pixel.

Credit: NASA/JPL/SSI

Jets erupting from the south polar terrain of Enceladus

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Bright, icy moon, Mimas, in front of Saturn's delicate rings

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Cassini Sends Back Postcards of Saturn Moons
NASA JPL-Caltech Cassini | 2011 Feb 01

On Jan. 31, 2011, NASA's Cassini spacecraft passed by several of Saturn's intriguing moons, snapping images along the way. Cassini passed within about 60,000 kilometers (37,282 miles) of Enceladus and 28,000 kilometers (17,398 miles) of Helene. It also caught a glimpse of Mimas in front of Saturn's rings. In one of the images, Cassini is looking at the famous jets erupting from the south polar terrain of Enceladus.

Saturn's moon Helene

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Helene, Enceladus, Mimas Rev 144 Raw Preview

• Helene 'Rev 144' Raw Preview #1
  Helene 'Rev 144' Raw Preview #2
  Enceladus 'Rev 144' Raw Preview #1
  Enceladus 'Rev 144' Raw Preview #2
  Mimas 'Rev 144' Raw Preview #1

Credit: NASA/JPL/SSI

Wisps Before Craters (2011 Jan 31)

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Saturn's ''wispy'' moon Dione lies in front of the cratered surface of the moon Tethys, as seen by the Cassini spacecraft.

Dione is closest to the spacecraft here. At the top of the image, the bright ''wispy'' fractures are visible on Dione (1,123 kilometers, or 698 miles, across). See Dione's Icy Wisps and Highest Resolution View of Dione to learn more. Beyond wispy Dione, the large crater Penelope can be seen near the equator of Tethys (1,062 kilometers, or 660 miles, across). See Penelope Crater for a closer view of Penelope.

Lit terrain seen here is on the trailing hemispheres of the two moons. The image was taken in visible red light with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on Dec. 6, 2010.

The view was obtained at a distance of approximately 2.1 million kilometers (1.3 million miles) from Dione and at a Sun-Dione-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 75 degrees.

The view was obtained at a distance of approximately 2.2 million kilometers (1.4 million miles) from Tethys and at a Sun-Tethys-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 75 degrees. Scale in the original image was 12 kilometers (7 miles) per pixel on Dione and 13 kilometers (8 miles) per pixel on Tethys. The image was contrast enhanced and magnified by a factor of two to enhance the visibility of surface features.

Credit: NASA/JPL/SSI

Click to view full size image

Dione's Deception

On the top right of this Cassini spacecraft image, Saturn's moon Dione may appear closer to the spacecraft because it is larger than the moon Enceladus in the lower left. However, Enceladus was actually closer to the spacecraft when this image was captured.

Dione (1,123 kilometers, or 698 miles, across) is actually more than twice the size of Enceladus (504 kilometers, or 313 miles, across). Dione's bright ''wispy'' terrain can be seen here. See Dione's Icy Wisps and Highest Resolution View of Dione to learn more about this terrain. This view looks toward the area between the trailing hemisphere and Saturn-facing side of Dione.

The highly reflective surface of Enceladus also stands out here. This view looks toward the trailing hemisphere of Enceladus.

The image was taken in visible light with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on Dec. 1, 2010. The view was acquired at a distance of approximately 510,000 kilometers (317,000 miles) from Enceladus and at a Sun-Enceladus-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 7 degrees. The view was acquired at a distance of approximately 830,000 kilometers (516,000 miles) from Dione and at a Sun-Dione-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 8 degrees. Image scale is 3 kilometers (2 miles) per pixel on Enceladus and 5 kilometers (3 miles) per pixel on Dione.

Credit: NASA/JPL/SSI

Sextet of Moons

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Six of Saturn's moons orbiting within and beyond the planet's rings are collected in this Cassini spacecraft imageSix of Saturn's moons orbiting within and beyond the planet's rings are collected in this Cassini spacecraft image.

Enceladus (504 kilometers, or 313 miles across) is the largest moon in this image and appears at the bottom. Janus (179 kilometers, or 111 miles across) orbits beyond the rings near the center of the image. Epimetheus (113 kilometers, or 70 miles across) orbits beyond the rings near the top of the image. Atlas (30 kilometers, or 19 miles across) appears as a tiny speck between the main rings and the thin F ring on the right. Daphnis (8 kilometers, or 5 miles across), which orbits in the narrow Keeler Gap of the A ring, appears as a small, bright speck on the left of the image. Pan (28 kilometers, or 17 miles across), which orbits in the Encke Gap of the A ring, also appears as a bright speck on the left of the image. Daphnis is farther to the left of the image than Pan.

Although Enceladus appears to be in the foreground here, that moon, at a distance of 3.1 million kilometers (1.9 million miles), is actually farthest away from Cassini in this image. Janus is 3 million kilometers (1.9 million miles) from the spacecraft. The view was obtained at a distance of approximately 2.8 million kilometers (1.7 million miles) from Epimetheus.

The rings lie between Janus and Epimetheus. This view looks toward the southern, unilluminated side of the rings from about 2 degrees below the ringplane.

Enceladus is a very reflective body. To enhance visibility, the other moons and the rings have been brightened by a factor of 3.4 relative to Enceladus.

The image was taken in visible light with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on Oct. 6, 2010. Image scale is approximately 19 kilometers (12 miles) per pixel on Enceladus, about 18 kilometers (11 miles) per pixel on Janus and about 17 kilometers (11 miles) per pixel on Epimetheus.

Credit: NASA/JPL/SSI

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Rings Around a Crescent

A crescent Saturn appears nestled within encircling rings in this Cassini spacecraft image.

Clouds swirl through the atmosphere of the planet. Prometheus (86 kilometers, or 53 miles across) orbits between the main rings and the thin F ring, and this moon appears as a speck above the rings near the middle of the image.

This view looks toward the southern, unilluminated side of the rings from about 3 degrees below the ringplane.

The image was taken with the Cassini spacecraft wide-angle camera on Sept. 14, 2010 using a spectral filter sensitive to wavelengths of near-infrared light centered at 890 nanometers. The view was obtained at a distance of approximately 2.6 million kilometers (1.6 million miles) from Saturn and at a Sun-Saturn-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 100 degrees. Image scale on Saturn is 151 kilometers (94 miles) per pixel.

Credit: NASA/JPL/SSI

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Shadows on Saturn

Saturn's moon Mimas casts a elliptical shadow on the planet south of the larger, wider shadows cast by the planet's rings.

Mimas and the rings are not shown here. This view looks toward the southern hemisphere of the planet.

The image was taken with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on Sept. 8, 2010 using a spectral filter sensitive to wavelengths of near-infrared light centered at 750 nanometers. The view was obtained at a distance of approximately 2.2 million kilometers (1.4 million miles) from Saturn and at a Sun-Saturn-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 82 degrees. Image scale is 13 kilometers (8 miles) per pixel.

Credit: NASA/JPL/SSI