APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

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Expand view Topic review: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

Re: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

by Chris Peterson » Thu Aug 29, 2013 4:30 pm

neufer wrote:
geckzilla wrote:I think what I'm really getting caught up on is that I never understood how a camera attaches to and works with a telescope.
The simplest way is to remove the lens of the camera and position the film/plate/CCD to be at the focal plane.
A telescope doesn't have a focal plane. A telescope is an afocal instrument. When used with a camera, you normally remove the telescope eyepiece, leaving just the objective to focus light on its focal plane (where you locate the film or detector). Once you remove the eyepiece, you have a focal instrument, not something that is a telescope anymore in an optical sense. All that's left is "telescope" in an informal sense, referring to the optical tube assembly.

You can also do afocal imaging with a telescope, where you leave the eyepiece in place, and image using the camera with its lens in place as well. The camera then takes the essentially collimated beam from the eyepiece and focuses it onto the sensor. In this case, the camera is doing the same thing your eye does.

Re: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

by bystander » Thu Aug 29, 2013 4:18 pm

That is essentially what you would have to do. You will probably need an adapter, but the telescope becomes your camera lens.

Re: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

by geckzilla » Thu Aug 29, 2013 3:11 pm

I'm not sure I trust your advice anymore, Art. :incredulous:

Re: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

by neufer » Thu Aug 29, 2013 11:55 am

geckzilla wrote:
I think what I'm really getting caught up on is that I never understood how a camera attaches to and works with a telescope.
The simplest way is to remove the lens of the camera and position the film/plate/CCD to be at the focal plane.

Re: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

by geckzilla » Thu Aug 29, 2013 2:26 am

Hey, you are a pretty good illustrator. I think I do understand that part well enough. I think what I'm really getting caught up on is that I never understood how a camera attaches to and works with a telescope. I'm feeling really silly because that is probably more basic than the optics involved prior to that. Sorry for being a pain and thanks for trying to educate me. You don't have to help anymore, I'll get it on my own eventually.

Re: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

by alter-ego » Thu Aug 29, 2013 1:52 am

geckzilla wrote:I think I need a picture book for dummies on this. :derp:
I just got back from vacation where I have the tools to create a simple diagram for you. Two views below show orthogonal cross-sections of a simple telescope incorporating a prism (glass wedge) and a cylindrical lens. The left view shows how converging rays are further focused in the spatial axis by the cylindrical lens, but the prismatic bending does not occur in this plane. At the telescope focal plane, these rays are defocused from their normal point images. A (green) star is now a line segment at the telescope focus. To reduce confusion, I've left out the red and blue rays in this view. The right view shows RGB rays focused to the usual star-point image. However in this view the prism is bending the different colors to different angles, and the cylindrical lens has no power in this axis so the rays are not defocused. The resulting spectra now have "defocused" spatial extent in one axis while maintaining the maximum spectral resolution in the other axis.
Two cross-section views showing the orientations of a prism wrt the cylindrical lens, and how they affect the dispersive and non-dispersive planes at a focal plane, e.g. CCD
Two cross-section views showing the orientations of a prism wrt the cylindrical lens, and how they affect the dispersive and non-dispersive planes at a focal plane, e.g. CCD
Hope this helps.

Re: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

by neufer » Wed Aug 28, 2013 4:06 pm

rstevenson wrote:
geckzilla wrote:
What do you mean by flash photo? The "flash" part is confusing me. Surely you don't mean firing a flash.
Shirley rarely means what he says.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Travels_of_the_Three_English_Brothers wrote:
<<The Travels of the Three English Brothers is an early Jacobean era stage play, an adventure drama written in 1607 by John Day, William Rowley, and George Wilkins. The drama was based on the true-life experiences of the three Shirley brothers, Sir Anthony Shirley, Sir Thomas Shirley, and Robert Shirley. Since George Wilkins is thought by some to have worked with Shakespeare on Pericles, Prince of Tyre around 1607, the question of his participation in this collaboration has drawn the attention of some Shakespeare scholars. The play was acted by Queen Anne's Men. Its 29 July Register entry states that the play was performed at the Curtain Theatre, though this information is likely inaccurate; The Queen's company is thought to have moved on to the Red Bull Theatre in 1604 or 1605. Francis Beaumont's The Knight of the Burning Pestle, also of 1607, refers to The Travels as a Red Bull play.

Beyond the sheer entertainment value of the Shirleys' story, the dramatists were eager to draw cultural contrasts between Christian England and Muslim Persia, the key locale of much of the Shirley saga. Their play stresses the violence and brutality of Persian society (especially the practice of beheading) as a blatant discriminator between Persia and England. The English display their valor and resourcefulness when assaulted by violence and treachery; when an unarmed Sir Thomas Shirley is attacked by four Turks, he defends himself with rocks. The splendid English move the Persian "Sophy" (the play's version of the Shah) to verbal raptures — and inspire him to grant Christians tolerance in his dominions.

In addition to other real-life figures in the cast of characters (including the Pope), the comic Will Kempe appears in one scene. Himself noted for his travels, Kempe is shown in Venice, where he has a bawdy exchange with a Signor Harlakin (that is, harlequin) and his wife. Kempe reportedly met Sir Anthony Shirley in Rome; but whether this Venetian scene with Kempe is based on anything more substantial that the playwrights' imaginations is uncertain.

The final scene in The Travels of the Three English Brothers contains a noteworthy feature: the three Shirley brothers and their father, widely separate geographically, see and speak with each other through a magical device called a "perspective glass." This device is part of the traditional lore of magic, and occurs in other contexts: Robert Greene includes it in his Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay. Though the perspective glass operates thaumaturgically rather than technologically, it nonetheless provides a striking anticipation of modern communications.>>

Re: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

by rstevenson » Wed Aug 28, 2013 3:32 pm

geckzilla wrote:What do you mean by flash photo? The "flash" part is confusing me. Surely you don't mean firing a flash.
Shirley rarely means what he says.

Rob

Re: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

by geckzilla » Tue Aug 27, 2013 2:30 am

I think I need a picture book for dummies on this. :derp:

Re: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

by alter-ego » Tue Aug 27, 2013 2:02 am

neufer wrote:
geckzilla wrote:
What I've been wondering is whether it's a projection on to a black surface which one can then take a photo of or if the light goes straight into a camera something else. Sadly, I don't have a telescope so there are a few things that mystify me.
Project on to a black surface and then take a flash photo of it.
My bet is the image was formed directly incident on a CCD. The detail clarity support a direct sensor illumination as opposed to an image capture from a scattering surface. Also the use of a weak cylindrical lens (as Art posted) is the probable setup. The simplest method I'd use to recreate this image is to properly orient a grating or prism in from of my telescope (aperture down so that the prism operates on all the collected light). The APOD dispersion axis is oriented north/south so it is possible to generate the picture without a cylindrical lens by letting the stars drift in the field (earth rotation/differential drive). This would be my poor-man's approach, and likely not as good a quality. Alternatively, I'd use a weak cylindrical lens in place of a Barlow lens to broaden the image in the non-dispersive direction, and accurately track the stars.

Note, to generate the observed visible dispersion of about 1 degree means the telescope is needs to be pointed about 10 degrees due north or south of the target star (assuming a glass prism is used).

Re: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

by neufer » Tue Aug 27, 2013 1:29 am

geckzilla wrote:
What do you mean by flash photo? The "flash" part is confusing me.

Surely you don't mean firing a flash.
The "black surface" part is confusing me. (And don't call me Shirley.)

Re: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

by geckzilla » Tue Aug 27, 2013 1:19 am

What do you mean by flash photo? The "flash" part is confusing me. Surely you don't mean firing a flash.

Re: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

by neufer » Tue Aug 27, 2013 1:15 am

geckzilla wrote:
What I've been wondering is whether it's a projection on to a black surface which one can then take a photo of or if the light goes straight into a camera something else. Sadly, I don't have a telescope so there are a few things that mystify me.
Project on to a black surface and then take a flash photo of it.

Re: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

by geckzilla » Tue Aug 27, 2013 1:06 am

Thanks, Tom. I found this image to be interesting: What I've been wondering is whether it's a projection on to a black surface which one can then take a photo of or if the light goes straight into a camera something else. Sadly, I don't have a telescope so there are a few things that mystify me.

Re: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

by TomRSpec » Tue Aug 27, 2013 12:49 am

geckzilla wrote:It might be too much to ask but I am interested in a more detailed explanation for how this was made.
If you're an astro-imager, even with a small telescope and a video camera you can easily capture fascinating spectra like this for a wide range of stars, year 'round. The only new piece of hardware you need is a diffraction grating. One of the most popular is made by Paton Hawksley in the UK. For software, there is freeware or commercial products.

I started doing spectroscopy about four years ago and have found it to be absolutely fascinating.

For additional information, check out http://www.rspec-astro.com. Caveat: This is my commercial site, but there's plenty of free information, videos, and samples of what you can do.

Tom

Re: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

by neufer » Sat Aug 24, 2013 1:08 pm

Ann wrote:
neufer wrote:
Ann wrote:
shouldn't we see a few obvious lines from other elements than hydrogen?
http://spaceweather.com/gallery/indiv_u ... d_id=85616
Thanks, Art, I appreciate your reply. However, I don't really understand it. The link you provided seems to say that we really only do see hydrogen lines in the spectrum of Nova Delphini. I was wondering about this very fact. Why aren't there other lines in the spectrum of Nova Delphini?
  • The APOD clearly shows other lines which my link identifies as FeII lines.
http://astrobob.areavoices.com/2013/08/23/nova-in-delphinus-transforms-into-a-celestial-chameleon/ wrote: Nova in Delphinus transforms into a celestial chameleon
by Astrobob, Aug. 23, 2013

<<Through the telescope the nova has been a colorful sight. Early on it twinkled pale yellow but now has deepened in hue to yellow-orange. It’s still in the fireball phase with the white dwarf star hidden by fiery hydrogen gas and an expanding cloud of debris.

As novae evolve they’ll often turn from white or yellow to red. Emission of what’s called hydrogen alpha light gives novae their warm, red color. Hydrogen, the most common element in stars, gets excited through intense radiation or collisions with atoms (heat). Once energized, hydrogen’s electrons “move upstairs”, ie. jump from a lower energy level to a higher one. Just as quickly, they can drop back down “downstairs”. When they do, each releases a smidge of light in the deep red end of the rainbow spectrum called hydrogen alpha or H-alpha. Nova-red comes from electrons dropping from the “third floor” to the “second floor” inside the hydrogen atom.

Novae take on a pink or red color for several reasons according to Arne Henden, director of the American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO). “Energy from the explosion gets absorbed by the surrounding material in a nova and re-emitted as H-alpha,” said Henden. Not only that but as the explosion expands over time, the same amount of energy is spread over a larger area. “The temperature drops,” said Henden, “causing the fireball to cool and turn redder on its own.” As the eruption expands and cools, materials blasted into the surrounding space condense into a shell of soot that absorbs that reddens the nova much the same way dusty air reddens the sun.

So why does it appear yellow-orange right now? “That’s the underlying continuum (bluish light from the explosion) mixing with the H-alpha from the expanding fireball. Red and blue together make orange.”

Finally, I’m often asked how far away the nova is. According to two studies based on the rate of decline in the nova’s brightness, the star is either 11,400 or 17,900 light years from Earth. Very far! That means it must be incredibly brilliant. A lot’s going on right now with Nova Delphini – an expanding fireball, formation of a debris cloud, cooling and reddening. And to think you can sample all this with little more than a pair of binoculars from your front yard. Amazing.>>

Re: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

by Ann » Sat Aug 24, 2013 4:31 am

neufer wrote:
Ann wrote:
shouldn't we see a few obvious lines from other elements than hydrogen?
http://spaceweather.com/gallery/indiv_u ... d_id=85616
Thanks, Art, I appreciate your reply. However, I don't really understand it. The link you provided seems to say that we really only do see hydrogen lines in the spectrum of Nova Delphini. I was wondering about this very fact. Why aren't there other lines in the spectrum of Nova Delphini?

Ann

Re: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

by neufer » Sat Aug 24, 2013 4:12 am

Ann wrote:
shouldn't we see a few obvious lines from other elements than hydrogen?
http://spaceweather.com/gallery/indiv_u ... d_id=85616

Re: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

by Ann » Fri Aug 23, 2013 8:01 pm

I can't help wondering why almost all the spectral lines of the nova seem to be from hydrogen. (There is a strong line deep into the blue-violet part of the spectrum that can't be a hydrogen line.)

Obviously the white dwarf is "sucking hydrogen" from its "partner's" outer atmosphere. The outer atmosphere of the poor cannibalized star should be strongly dominated by hydrogen. And when the nova has an outburst, it's blowing off the too-heavy snack of predominantly hydrogen that it has stolen from its binary companion. Even so, shouldn't we see a few obvious lines from other elements than hydrogen?

One possibility just might be that the temperature of whatever it is that produces most of the light here is perfect for creating hydrogen absorption lines. That temperature should be around 10,000 K, similar to the temperature and spectrum of an A-type star like Vega.

Is Nova Delphini a sort of explosive mega-Vega?

Ann

Re: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

by Anthony Barreiro » Fri Aug 23, 2013 7:16 pm

neufer wrote:Sounds good to me.
Thanks Art.

Re: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

by neufer » Fri Aug 23, 2013 7:06 pm

Anthony Barreiro wrote:
Why are the absorption lines blueshifted relative to the emission lines? I'm trying to picture the sequence of events, but my mental house of cards collapses before reaching a stable equilibrium. Hydrogen from a companion star falls onto a white dwarf, eventually triggering a thermonuclear explosion which we see as a nova. The explosion blows hydrogen out into space. The hydrogen in the cloud around the white dwarf is absorbing and emitting photons at the Balmer wavelengths, thus we see the Hydrogen alpha, etc. emission lines. The hydrogen in the gas that is directly between us and the still glowing nova absorbs photons at the Balmer wavelengths and re-emits them in random directions, causing the absorption lines. The gas that is directly between us and the white dwarf is traveling toward us faster than any of the other gas, so the absorption lines appear slightly blue-shifted.

After trying three or four times, I think I've figured it out. Is this right?
Sounds good to me.

Re: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

by Anthony Barreiro » Fri Aug 23, 2013 6:28 pm

Ann wrote:I love this picture, and I have already written a rather long comment on what can be learnt from these spectra. I'm going to paste my previous comment here:
...

8) We can see that there appear to be bright emission lines right next to the dark absorption lines. Nova Delphini therefore appears to have a P Cygni spectrum, where dark absorption lines are bordered (on the red side) by bright emission lines. This feature means that we are looking at ejecta coming our way, or, in other words, we are looking at fragments from an explosion.

So the picture is indeed highly informative! :D

Ann
It is a beautiful and informative spectrum! You can really see the Hydrogen alpha, beta, and gamma absorption lines in Nova Delphini 2013's spectrum, and the emission lines at slightly longer wavelengths.

Why are the absorption lines blueshifted relative to the emission lines? I'm trying to picture the sequence of events, but my mental house of cards collapses before reaching a stable equilibrium. Hydrogen from a companion star falls onto a white dwarf, eventually triggering a thermonuclear explosion which we see as a nova. The explosion blows hydrogen out into space. The hydrogen in the cloud around the white dwarf is absorbing and emitting photons at the Balmer wavelengths, thus we see the Hydrogen alpha, etc. emission lines. The hydrogen in the gas that is directly between us and the still glowing nova absorbs photons at the Balmer wavelengths and re-emits them in random directions, causing the absorption lines. The gas that is directly between us and the white dwarf is traveling toward us faster than any of the other gas, so the absorption lines appear slightly blue-shifted.

After trying three or four times, I think I've figured it out. Is this right?

Re: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

by neufer » Fri Aug 23, 2013 6:24 pm

drollere wrote:
Hipparcos is the preferred spelling for the satellite and catalog.
  • And though thou hadst small Latine, and lesse Greeke,
    From thence to honour thee, I would not seeke
- From Ben Jonson's tribute to Shakespeare in the First Folio, 1623

Re: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

by drollere » Fri Aug 23, 2013 5:00 pm

Hipparcos is the preferred spelling for the satellite and catalog.

Re: APOD: A Spectrum of Nova Delphini (2013 Aug 23)

by Joe Stieber » Fri Aug 23, 2013 4:56 pm

Giza Guy wrote:
3.162277660168379 wrote:Absolutely wonderful and so educational.
sqrt 2 X sqrt 5 = 3.162277660168379
Which, of course, equals the square root of 10 since: (sqrt 2) x (sqrt 5) = sqrt (2 x 5)

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