APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

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Expand view Topic review: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

Re: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

by Beyond » Sun Oct 06, 2013 10:25 pm

Gee, i always thought that goober peas were just a variation of peas. But they're not peas at all. They're peanuts. :chomp:

NEUF-fuhr. NOT to be confused with Abominable Snowman fur, or any other kind of fur. :no:

Re: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

by neufer » Sun Oct 06, 2013 10:00 pm

Click to play embedded YouTube video.
Beyond wrote:
And, wasn't he also a peanut farmer :?:
  • Goober peas, please!
NEUF-fuhr (who learned how to pronounce nuclear from IKE)

Re: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

by Beyond » Sun Oct 06, 2013 9:06 pm

And, wasn't he also a peanut farmer :?:

Re: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

by BDanielMayfield » Sun Oct 06, 2013 8:50 pm

geckzilla wrote:There's always three syllables in nuclear but how, exactly, it gets pronounced varies quite a bit, with the noo-kyuh-luhr one being controversial. I thought this was a very good article on the phenomenon, clearly explaining metathesis and showing us that the nucular example isn't the first time it's happened.
http://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/13/weeki ... ation.html
So, it really is pronounced with three syllables? How inefficient. But nay I drawl, why use 3 when 2 will suffice? So I stubbornly prefer the deep Texican NEUK-luhr. I mean, how many syllables do y’all use when saying the word “clear”? :D

Well, if 3 syllables must be used, and according to Geckzilla’s helpful link “NOO-kyuh-luhr is so frowned upon, then I think my next preference might be Jimmy Carter’s ''NOO-kee-yer''. After all, not only was he once the US President, wasn’t he once a nuclear engineer too? :)

Re: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

by Beyond » Sun Oct 06, 2013 8:34 pm

For me, NOO-kyuh-luhr seems about impossible to say. I don't know how to pronounce the "kyuh". Of course, IF the whole nuclear thing blows up, who's gonna be left to say it :?:

Re: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

by geckzilla » Sun Oct 06, 2013 7:10 pm

There's always three syllables in nuclear but how, exactly, it gets pronounced varies quite a bit, with the noo-kyuh-luhr one being controversial. I thought this was a very good article on the phenomenon, clearly explaining metathesis and showing us that the nucular example isn't the first time it's happened.
http://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/13/weeki ... ation.html

Re: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

by Beyond » Sun Oct 06, 2013 6:49 pm

One way to pronuncicate nuclear in inglish is-->new clee er. Anudder way is-->nu cle er. nuclear, an easy woid to pronucicate, if you don't stop to think about it. Just say it.

Re: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

by BDanielMayfield » Sun Oct 06, 2013 6:14 pm

Ann wrote:
BDanielMayfield wrote:
Thanks Anthony. The range of ages of the stars inside these objects was something that hadn't occured to me. Pop I stars inside an object would mean that it wouldn't be a globular cluster, as their stars are all extremely old.
That is not actually true. If you check out this topic, you can read about a Population I star that is only 190 light-years away from us. This star is extremely metal-poor, and astronomers consider it the oldest star they know. But this star is not located in a globular cluster. Although I haven't checked, I would guess that this star is a halo object, and that it is passing us by in its orbit around the center of the Milky Way.

It is true that stars in the bulge of a galaxy tend to be metal-rich even though they are old. Since they are metal-rich, they most certainly don't belong to Population I. They were born from gas that had been recycled through several generations of stars. But can we be sure that there are no Population stars in the bulges of galaxies? Normally we can't be sure of this at all. This picture shows two globular clusters that are embedded in the bulge of the Milky Way. These globulars are just passing through, but they will likely lose some stars during their crossing of the bulge. Will the "lost stars" end up in orbits that really make them true members of the bulge? I think that is unlikely.

So it is an interesting question if there are any Population I stars in M60-UCD1 or in M32. Perhaps there aren't any. If Population I are either halo objects or members of globular clusters, then there may not be any such stars in a galaxy that has been whittled down to its bulge.

Ann
Ann wrote:
Bystander wrote:
I think you have your populations confused. Population I stars are relatively young and metal rich, like our Sun. HD 140283 is possibly a Population III star, or no less than a Population II.
You are right. Thanks for correcting me.

Ann
Howdy y’all. I just noticed the additional comments about the question I raised and Anthony answered re the distinctions between dwarf elliptical galaxies and large globular clusters. Just to be clear, it was these two objects alone that I was referring to in my last comment.

And Ann, please don’t feel too bad ‘bout yer a gettin’ yer stellar populations all reversed and all. Long standing astronomical tradition has got us all locked into a confusing, kinda backassward nomenclatural convention here, hasn’t it? (Pop I young, Pop II old, and Pop III so ancient that da ain’t no mo’.)

And Ann, while I’m truly obliged fer yer a linkin’ ta dis here,‘bout that thar Methuselar star; (‘cus it was, in my ENORMOUSLY humble opinion, one of the best threads ever, and I’m so glad you both started it and recalled it to our attention), I’m just a tad mifftified as well. Did ya really think that I needed schoolin’ ‘bout dis here subject, when we had such an interesting conversation at the end of it?

Bruce, an armchair nuclear astrophysist, who (according to my wife) can’t pronounce the word nuclear (along with other notable Texans). There’s only two syllables in nuclear, right?

My apologies to any school marms who may have been offended. :lol2:

Re: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

by Ann » Sat Oct 05, 2013 7:16 pm

Bystander wrote:
I think you have your populations confused. Population I stars are relatively young and metal rich, like our Sun. HD 140283 is possibly a Population III star, or no less than a Population II.
You are right. Thanks for correcting me.

Ann

Re: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

by bystander » Sat Oct 05, 2013 12:46 pm

Ann wrote:That is not actually true. If you check out this topic, you can read about a Population I star that is only 190 light-years away from us. This star is extremely metal-poor, and astronomers consider it the oldest star they know. But this star is not located in a globular cluster. Although I haven't checked, I would guess that this star is a halo object, and that it is passing us by in its orbit around the center of the Milky Way.

It is true that stars in the bulge of a galaxy tend to be metal-rich even though they are old. Since they are metal-rich, they most certainly don't belong to Population I. They were born from gas that had been recycled through several generations of stars. But can we be sure that there are no Population stars in the bulges of galaxies? Normally we can't be sure of this at all. This picture shows two globular clusters that are embedded in the bulge of the Milky Way. These globulars are just passing through, but they will likely lose some stars during their crossing of the bulge. Will the "lost stars" end up in orbits that really make them true members of the bulge? I think that is unlikely.

So it is an interesting question if there are any Population I stars in M60-UCD1 or in M32. Perhaps there aren't any. If Population I are either halo objects or members of globular clusters, then there may not be any such stars in a galaxy that has been whittled down to its bulge.
I think you have your populations confused. Population I stars are relatively young and metal rich, like our Sun. HD 140283 is possibly a Population III star, or no less than a Population II.
Anthony Barreiro wrote:My understanding is that the stars in a typical globular cluster are all the same very old age and have very low concentrations of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. I.e. they're all "Population II" stars, which are older than "Population I" stars like our Sun (maintaining this arcane terminology is one way that astronomy professors torture their introductory astronomy students). ...

Re: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

by neufer » Sat Oct 05, 2013 11:51 am

Ann wrote:
BDanielMayfield wrote:
Thanks Anthony. The range of ages of the stars inside these objects was something that hadn't occured to me. Pop I stars inside an object would mean that it wouldn't be a globular cluster, as their stars are all extremely old.
That is not actually true. If you check out this topic, you can read about a Population I star that is only 190 light-years away from us. This star is extremely metal-poor, and astronomers consider it the oldest star they know. But this star is not located in a globular cluster.
Nevertheless, it could have escaped from a globular cluster thanks to multiple gravitational interactions.

However, it would be much more unlikely that a Pop I star would actually be captured by a globular cluster during a rare flyby.

Re: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

by Ann » Sat Oct 05, 2013 6:21 am

BDanielMayfield wrote:
Thanks Anthony. The range of ages of the stars inside these objects was something that hadn't occured to me. Pop I stars inside an object would mean that it wouldn't be a globular cluster, as their stars are all extremely old.
That is not actually true. If you check out this topic, you can read about a Population I star that is only 190 light-years away from us. This star is extremely metal-poor, and astronomers consider it the oldest star they know. But this star is not located in a globular cluster. Although I haven't checked, I would guess that this star is a halo object, and that it is passing us by in its orbit around the center of the Milky Way.

It is true that stars in the bulge of a galaxy tend to be metal-rich even though they are old. Since they are metal-rich, they most certainly don't belong to Population I. They were born from gas that had been recycled through several generations of stars. But can we be sure that there are no Population stars in the bulges of galaxies? Normally we can't be sure of this at all. This picture shows two globular clusters that are embedded in the bulge of the Milky Way. These globulars are just passing through, but they will likely lose some stars during their crossing of the bulge. Will the "lost stars" end up in orbits that really make them true members of the bulge? I think that is unlikely.

So it is an interesting question if there are any Population I stars in M60-UCD1 or in M32. Perhaps there aren't any. If Population I are either halo objects or members of globular clusters, then there may not be any such stars in a galaxy that has been whittled down to its bulge.

Ann

Re: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

by BDanielMayfield » Sat Oct 05, 2013 12:25 am

Anthony Barreiro wrote:
BDanielMayfield wrote:Today's APOD makes me wonder if there is a clear demarcation or mass gap between the smallest dwarf elliptical galaxies and the largest globular clusters. Or are these two classes of objects the same, except for where they are located?

P. S. I wrote the above prior to seeing Anthony’s comment, which relates to my question too, since he points out another ambiguous case. Is there any difference between these objects other than size and location in or outside another galaxy?
My understanding is that the stars in a typical globular cluster are all the same very old age and have very low concentrations of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. I.e. they're all "Population II" stars, which are older than "Population I" stars like our Sun (maintaining this arcane terminology is one way that astronomy professors torture their introductory astronomy students). When you see something that looks like a globular cluster but has stars of widely differing ages and compositions, you're probably looking at a dwarf galaxy. And if it has a central black hole, that suggests that it used to be bigger and has lost a lot of stars to tidal interaction with a larger galaxy.

If you have a clear dark sky and a good telescope, look at some globular clusters and some open clusters. The globulars have a more even mellow golden glow, because all the surviving stars are old yellow or red stars (nitpicker foil: you're not going to notice "blue stragglers" through an amateur telescope). Young open clusters look more blue and sparkly, because they still have some massive blue stars.
Thanks Anthony. The range of ages of the stars inside these objects was something that hadn't occured to me. Pop I stars inside an object would mean that it wouldn't be a globular cluster, as their stars are all extremely old.

Re: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

by Beyond » Fri Oct 04, 2013 10:22 pm

geckzilla wrote:I couldn't help following the pattern, though.
It's just the "zilla" part doing it's thing. :wink:

Re: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

by Beyond » Fri Oct 04, 2013 10:20 pm

Anthony Barreiro wrote:It's reassuring to know that I'm not the only person who occasionally gets confused. :ssmile:
I'm just the opposite. I occasionally have bouts of un-confusion, but they pass quickly! :lol2:

Re: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

by Nitpicker » Fri Oct 04, 2013 9:49 pm

Chris Peterson wrote:I think I get the confusion. You're looking at the cropped image on the main page? I'm looking at the actual APOD image that you get when you click on that image.
Ah, I see. Well, the full, uncropped image certainly looks like nothing I've ever taken.

Re: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

by Anthony Barreiro » Fri Oct 04, 2013 9:49 pm

Chris Peterson wrote:
Nitpicker wrote:
Chris Peterson wrote: I'm confused. M60 appears absolutely dead center in the image. NGC 4647 is in the upper right, and M60-UCD1 is in the center of the lower right quadrant.
Are we looking at the same image? I see M60 as a big overexposed thing dominating the top-left quadrant. M60-UCD1 is the smallish, whitish "desnse smudge" just below image centre. A little up and to the right from M60-UCD1 is a reddish star, with a prominent cross-shaped diffraction spike (if that is the correct term).
I think I get the confusion. You're looking at the cropped image on the main page? I'm looking at the actual APOD image that you get when you click on that image.

I almost never pay attention to the image on the main page, since it's usually an inferior representation of the original, for any number of reasons. Usually there's no confusion about the position of objects, but with a crop like this that isn't the case.
It's reassuring to know that I'm not the only person who occasionally gets confused. :ssmile:

Re: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

by Chris Peterson » Fri Oct 04, 2013 9:42 pm

Nitpicker wrote:
Chris Peterson wrote: I'm confused. M60 appears absolutely dead center in the image. NGC 4647 is in the upper right, and M60-UCD1 is in the center of the lower right quadrant.
Are we looking at the same image? I see M60 as a big overexposed thing dominating the top-left quadrant. M60-UCD1 is the smallish, whitish "desnse smudge" just below image centre. A little up and to the right from M60-UCD1 is a reddish star, with a prominent cross-shaped diffraction spike (if that is the correct term).
I think I get the confusion. You're looking at the cropped image on the main page? I'm looking at the actual APOD image that you get when you click on that image.

I almost never pay attention to the image on the main page, since it's usually an inferior representation of the original, for any number of reasons. Usually there's no confusion about the position of objects, but with a crop like this that isn't the case.

Re: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

by Nitpicker » Fri Oct 04, 2013 9:36 pm

Chris Peterson wrote: I'm confused. M60 appears absolutely dead center in the image. NGC 4647 is in the upper right, and M60-UCD1 is in the center of the lower right quadrant.
Are we looking at the same image? I see M60 as a big overexposed thing dominating the top-left quadrant. M60-UCD1 is the smallish, whitish "desnse smudge" just below image centre. A little up and to the right from M60-UCD1 is a reddish star, with a prominent cross-shaped diffraction spike (if that is the correct term).

Re: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

by Nitpicker » Fri Oct 04, 2013 9:28 pm

geckzilla wrote:Nitpicker is a fairly new member we don't know much about yet.
To borrow from the caption, "dense smudge" could equally be applied to me. Hope that helps. :)

Re: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

by Chris Peterson » Fri Oct 04, 2013 9:04 pm

bystander wrote:
wonderboy wrote:according to the APOD they are one and the same Nitpicker.
M60 and M60-UCD1 are not one and the same. M60 (upper left) is a large elliptical galaxy, and M60-UCD1 (center) is an ultra-compact dwarf galaxy.
I'm confused. M60 appears absolutely dead center in the image. NGC 4647 is in the upper right, and M60-UCD1 is in the center of the lower right quadrant.

Re: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

by Ann » Fri Oct 04, 2013 8:50 pm

I just checked M32 with my software. It says that the surface brightness of M32 is 1 on a scale from 1 to 6, where 1 is brightest and 6 is faintest. Of course it's not so surprising that the surface brightness of M32 would be high. But my software also says that the surface brightness of "the first outer region" of M32 is 6, so its outer region is exceedingly faint! For comparison, the surface brightness of the "first outer region" of the big Andromeda galaxy is 2!

Ann

Re: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

by Anthony Barreiro » Fri Oct 04, 2013 7:50 pm

BDanielMayfield wrote:Today's APOD makes me wonder if there is a clear demarcation or mass gap between the smallest dwarf elliptical galaxies and the largest globular clusters. Or are these two classes of objects the same, except for where they are located?

P. S. I wrote the above prior to seeing Anthony’s comment, which relates to my question too, since he points out another ambiguous case. Is there any difference between these objects other than size and location in or outside another galaxy?
My understanding is that the stars in a typical globular cluster are all the same very old age and have very low concentrations of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. I.e. they're all "Population II" stars, which are older than "Population I" stars like our Sun (maintaining this arcane terminology is one way that astronomy professors torture their introductory astronomy students). When you see something that looks like a globular cluster but has stars of widely differing ages and compositions, you're probably looking at a dwarf galaxy. And if it has a central black hole, that suggests that it used to be bigger and has lost a lot of stars to tidal interaction with a larger galaxy.

If you have a clear dark sky and a good telescope, look at some globular clusters and some open clusters. The globulars have a more even mellow golden glow, because all the surviving stars are old yellow or red stars (nitpicker foil: you're not going to notice "blue stragglers" through an amateur telescope). Young open clusters look more blue and sparkly, because they still have some massive blue stars.

Re: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

by BDanielMayfield » Fri Oct 04, 2013 7:10 pm

Today's APOD makes me wonder if there is a clear demarcation or mass gap between the smallest dwarf elliptical galaxies and the largest globular clusters. Or are these two classes of objects the same, except for where they are located?

P. S. I wrote the above prior to seeing Anthony’s comment, which relates to my question too, since he points out another ambiguous case. Is there any difference between these objects other than size and location in or outside another galaxy?

Re: APOD: The Densest Galaxy (2013 Oct 04)

by Anthony Barreiro » Fri Oct 04, 2013 6:54 pm

APOD Robot wrote:... Exploring the nature of M60-UCD1, astronomers are trying to determine if ultra-compact dwarf galaxies are the central remnants of larger galaxies that have been tidally stripped by gravitational encounters, or evolved as massive globular star clusters. Recently discovered, a bright X-ray source seen at its center could be due to a supermassive black hole. If so, that would favor a remnant galaxy origin for M60-UCD1.

Omega Centauri, orbiting our own Milky Way galaxy at a mere 16,000 light years from Earth, is similarly ambiguous. It has traditionally been classified as a globular cluster, but if it is truly a globular, it is by far the most massive of the Milky Way's globulars, equivalent to four million solar masses compared to a few hundred thousand for a typical globular cluster. It's also the brightest, easily visible to the naked eye from the tropics and the southern hemisphere (I had the pleasure of seeing Omega Centauri during a visit to Hawai'i for the June 2012 transit of Venus).

Omega Centauri has been known since antiquity -- Ptolemy described it as a star in the Almagest and Johann Bayer took Ptolemy's word for it, cataloguing the "star" as Omega Centauri in his 1603 Uranometria. In 1677 Edmond Halley (the comet guy) was the first person who saw that Omega Centauri looks too fuzzy to be a single star, and the Scottish astronomer James Dunlop classified it as a globular cluster in 1826. We now know that Omega Centauri contains stars of different ages and compositions, unlike other globular clusters, and in 2008 Omega Centauri was observed to have a central black hole, which strongly suggests it is a disrupted dwarf galaxy, many of whose stars have been stripped away by the tidal pull of the Milky Way.

So Omega Centauri is the only object that at different times in history has been a star, a globular cluster, and a galaxy!

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