by neufer » Fri Nov 26, 2021 2:13 pm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lick_Observatory wrote:
Click to play embedded YouTube video.
<<The first telescope installed at the Lick Observatory was a 12-inch refractor made by Alvan Clark. Astronomer E. E. Barnard used the telescope to make "exquisite photographs of comets and nebulae", according to D. J. Warner of Warner & Swasey Company.
In 1886, Lick Observatory begins supplying Railroad Standard Time to the Southern Pacific Railroad, and to other businesses, over telegraph lines. The signal was generated by a clock manufactured by E. Howard & Co. specifically for the Observatory, and which included an electric apparatus for transmitting the time signal over telegraph lines. While most of the nation's railroads received their time signal from the U.S. Naval Observatory time signal via Western Union's telegraph lines, the Lick Observatory Time-Signal was used by railroads from the West coast all the way to Colorado.
The 36-inch refracting telescope on Mt. Hamilton was Earth's largest refracting telescope during the period from when it saw first light on January 3, 1888, until the construction of Yerkes Observatory in 1897. E. E. Barnard used the telescope in 1892 to discover a fifth moon of Jupiter, Amalthea. This was the first addition to Jupiter's known moons since Galileo observed the planet through his parchment tube and spectacle lens. In 1905 (Jan. 5 and Feb. 27), Charles Dillon Perrine discovered the sixth and seventh moons of Jupiter (Elara and Himalia) on photographs taken with the 36-inch Crossley reflecting telescope which he had recently rebuilt.[
In 1928, Donald C. Shane studied Carbon stars, and was able to distinguish them into spectral classes R0–R9 and N0–N7 (on this scale N7 is the reddest and R0 the bluest). This was an expansion of Annie Jump Cannon of Harvard's work on Carbon stars that had divided them into R and N types. The N stars have more cyanogen and the R stars have more carbon.>>
http://www.star.ucl.ac.uk/~pac/obafgkmrns.html wrote:
Mnemonics for the Harvard Spectral Classification Scheme
by Jesse S. Allen
<<The modern stellar spectral classification scheme (also known as the Harvard Spectral Classification Scheme) was created by Annie Jump Cannon through her examination of spectra from 1918 to 1924. Originally, the scheme used capital letters running alphabetically, but was later reordered to reflect the surface temperatures of stars. In order of decreasing temperature, these types were O, B, A, F, G, K. and M. Three additional categories also in the scheme: R, N, and S types, were later realized to represent stars with peculiar heavy-metal abundances. [An S-type star is a cool giant with approximately equal quantities of carbon & oxygen in its atmosphere. The class was originally defined in 1922 by Paul Merrill for stars with unusual absorption lines and molecular bands now known to be due to s-process elements. The bands of zirconium monoxide (ZrO) are a defining feature of the S stars.] Other types (Q for novae, W for Wolf-Rayet stars, etc) are not encountered frequently. According to astronomical myth, Henry Norris Russell suggested the following mnemonic to assist students in remembering the scheme:
- Oh Be A Fine Girl, Kiss Me!
There have been many efforts since to improve on this mnemonic. The motivations are various: to include the R, N, and S, to find a mnemonic for the vast number of astronomers who would really not want to be kissed by a girl or just as a fun homework assignment for students. Owen Gingerich (CfA) holds an annual contest in his "The Astronomical Perspective" course , and a summary of many winning submissions was published in his article "The Great Mnemonics Contest" in Phyllis Lugger, ed, ASTEROIDS TO QUASARS: A SYMPOSIUM HONOURING WILLIAM LILLER (Cambridge University Press, 1991). The Committee on the Status of Women in Astronomy also held a competition on the subject in 1995 and Russell's mnemonic remained the most popular of the submissions. Our humble efforts, which draw on all these resources, plus many suggestions from others, are presented here:
- Oh Be A Fine [Guy/Gal/Girl] Kiss Me (Right Now [Smack]).
Out Beyond Andromeda, Fiery Gases Kindle Many Radiant New Stars.
Obese Balding Astronomer Found Guilty Killing Many Reluctant Nonscience Students.
Oh Backward Astronomer, Forget Geocentricity; Kepler's Motions Reveal Nature's Simplicity.
Orbs, Bright And Fair, Generate Kinder Memories: Revolving Nighttime Skies.
Only Bright Astral Fires Going Kaput Make Real Neutron Stars.
Oh Brutal And Ferocious Gorilla, Kidnap My Roommate Next Saturday.
Overseas Bulletin: A Flash! Godzilla Kills Mothra! (Rodan Named Successor).
Oven-Baked Ants, when Fried Gently, and Kept Moist, Retain Natural Succulence.
When Obstreperous Beasts Approach, Fragrant Geraniums Knowingly May Receive Night's Stigmata.
Old Bottles And Filthy Garbage Kill Many Rare Natural Species.
Oregon Beavers Attack Famous Gardens, Killing Many, Rangers Now Shooting.>>
[quote=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lick_Observatory]
[float=right][youtube]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFLb1IPlY_k[/youtube][/float]
<<The first telescope installed at the Lick Observatory was a 12-inch refractor made by Alvan Clark. Astronomer E. E. Barnard used the telescope to make "exquisite photographs of comets and nebulae", according to D. J. Warner of Warner & Swasey Company.
[b][color=#0000FF]In 1886, Lick Observatory begins supplying Railroad Standard Time to the Southern Pacific Railroad, and to other businesses, over telegraph lines. The signal was generated by a clock manufactured by E. Howard & Co. specifically for the Observatory, and which included an electric apparatus for transmitting the time signal over telegraph lines. While most of the nation's railroads received their time signal from the U.S. Naval Observatory time signal via Western Union's telegraph lines, the Lick Observatory Time-Signal was used by railroads from the West coast all the way to Colorado.[/color][/b]
The 36-inch refracting telescope on Mt. Hamilton was Earth's largest refracting telescope during the period from when it saw first light on January 3, 1888, until the construction of Yerkes Observatory in 1897. E. E. Barnard used the telescope in 1892 to discover a fifth moon of Jupiter, Amalthea. This was the first addition to Jupiter's known moons since Galileo observed the planet through his parchment tube and spectacle lens. In 1905 (Jan. 5 and Feb. 27), Charles Dillon Perrine discovered the sixth and seventh moons of Jupiter (Elara and Himalia) on photographs taken with the 36-inch Crossley reflecting telescope which he had recently rebuilt.[
[b]In 1928, Donald C. Shane studied Carbon stars, and was able to distinguish them into spectral classes [color=#0000FF]R0–R9[/color] and [color=#FF0000]N0–N7[/color] (on this scale [color=#FF0000]N7 is the reddest[/color] and [color=#0000FF]R0 the bluest[/color]). This was an expansion of Annie Jump Cannon of Harvard's work on Carbon stars that had divided them into R and N types. The [color=#FF0000]N stars have more cyanogen[/color] and the [color=#0000FF]R stars have more carbon[/color].[/b]>>[/quote]
[quote=http://www.star.ucl.ac.uk/~pac/obafgkmrns.html]
[c][size=125]Mnemonics for the Harvard Spectral Classification Scheme[/size]
by Jesse S. Allen[/c]
<<The modern stellar spectral classification scheme (also known as the Harvard Spectral Classification Scheme) was created by Annie Jump Cannon through her examination of spectra from 1918 to 1924. Originally, the scheme used capital letters running alphabetically, but was later reordered to reflect the surface temperatures of stars. In order of decreasing temperature, these types were O, B, A, F, G, K. and M. Three additional categories also in the scheme: R, N, and S types, were later realized to represent stars with peculiar heavy-metal abundances. [An S-type star is a cool giant with approximately equal quantities of carbon & oxygen in its atmosphere. The class was originally defined in 1922 by Paul Merrill for stars with unusual absorption lines and molecular bands now known to be due to s-process elements. The bands of zirconium monoxide (ZrO) are a defining feature of the S stars.] Other types (Q for novae, W for Wolf-Rayet stars, etc) are not encountered frequently. According to astronomical myth, Henry Norris Russell suggested the following mnemonic to assist students in remembering the scheme:
[list][b]Oh Be A Fine Girl, Kiss Me![/b][/list]
There have been many efforts since to improve on this mnemonic. The motivations are various: to include the R, N, and S, to find a mnemonic for the vast number of astronomers who would really not want to be kissed by a girl or just as a fun homework assignment for students. Owen Gingerich (CfA) holds an annual contest in his "The Astronomical Perspective" course , and a summary of many winning submissions was published in his article "The Great Mnemonics Contest" in Phyllis Lugger, ed, ASTEROIDS TO QUASARS: A SYMPOSIUM HONOURING WILLIAM LILLER (Cambridge University Press, 1991). The Committee on the Status of Women in Astronomy also held a competition on the subject in 1995 and Russell's mnemonic remained the most popular of the submissions. Our humble efforts, which draw on all these resources, plus many suggestions from others, are presented here:
[list][b]Oh Be A Fine [Guy/Gal/Girl] Kiss Me ([color=#0000FF]R[/color]ight [color=#FF0000]N[/color]ow [[color=#FF00FF]S[/color]mack]).
Out Beyond Andromeda, Fiery Gases Kindle Many [color=#0000FF]R[/color]adiant [color=#FF0000]N[/color]ew [color=#FF00FF]S[/color]tars.
Obese Balding Astronomer Found Guilty Killing Many [color=#0000FF]R[/color]eluctant [color=#FF0000]N[/color]onscience [color=#FF00FF]S[/color]tudents.
Oh Backward Astronomer, Forget Geocentricity; Kepler's Motions [color=#0000FF]R[/color]eveal [color=#FF0000]N[/color]ature's [color=#FF00FF]S[/color]implicity.
Orbs, Bright And Fair, Generate Kinder Memories: [color=#0000FF]R[/color]evolving [color=#FF0000]N[/color]ighttime [color=#FF00FF]S[/color]kies.
Only Bright Astral Fires Going Kaput Make [color=#0000FF]R[/color]eal [color=#FF0000]N[/color]eutron [color=#FF00FF]S[/color]tars.
Oh Brutal And Ferocious Gorilla, Kidnap My [color=#0000FF]R[/color]oommate [color=#FF0000]N[/color]ext [color=#FF00FF]S[/color]aturday.
Overseas Bulletin: A Flash! Godzilla Kills Mothra! ([color=#0000FF]R[/color]odan [color=#FF0000]N[/color]amed [color=#FF00FF]S[/color]uccessor).
Oven-Baked Ants, when Fried Gently, and Kept Moist, [color=#0000FF]R[/color]etain [color=#FF0000]N[/color]atural [color=#FF00FF]S[/color]ucculence.
When Obstreperous Beasts Approach, Fragrant Geraniums Knowingly May [color=#0000FF]R[/color]eceive [color=#FF0000]N[/color]ight's [color=#FF00FF]S[/color]tigmata.
Old Bottles And Filthy Garbage Kill Many [color=#0000FF]R[/color]are [color=#FF0000]N[/color]atural [color=#FF00FF]S[/color]pecies.
Oregon Beavers Attack Famous Gardens, Killing Many, [color=#0000FF]R[/color]angers [color=#FF0000]N[/color]ow [color=#FF00FF]S[/color]hooting.>>[/b][/list][/quote]