ars technica: 01 June 2010
Human Missions Throughout the Outer Solar System: Requirements and ImplementationsScientists are usually a realistic bunch—our salaries depend on proposing projects that are doable with the tools we have in our hands, and our plans usually involve prudent small steps rather than aiming for risky big leaps. But we sometimes dream too, and when we dream, we dream big, even if we dream very seriously. In a project that was part dream and part technical design exercise, a group of scientists drew up a plan to send humans to the outer fringes of our solar system in the later half of the 21st century. The result was a spaceship that may look similar to Discovery 1 from the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey.
The new exercise was carried out at Johns Hopkins University’s Applied Physics Laboratory, the starting point for many unmanned space missions—the study’s lead author, Ralph McNutt, has been a prominent figure in robotic planetary exploration for many years. The plans, published last month in the Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, would take us to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto starting around year 2050.
The mission design involves future advanced technologies such as an onboard 100MW nuclear reactor powering magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters, which are basically electric ion propulsion engines on hyper-steroids. Electric propulsion systems, which use electricity generated by solar panels to accelerate ionized molecules to produce thrust, have been successfully used on missions such as Deep Space 1, Dawn and Hayabusa. The proposed dream missions would use the electricity generated by a nuclear reactor to shoot a stream of plasma to power us to the distant planets.
The need for an extreme propulsion system arises because the astronauts would be exposed to high doses of galactic cosmic radiation, so the mission durations must be kept relatively short. Even on the International Space Station, which orbits within the protection of Earth’s magnetic field, astronauts are exposed to radiation at twice the limit for US airline pilots.
In a deep-space environment, the problem is even worse—to keep the radiation exposure to a level comparable to Earth’s surface aboard these spacecraft, the scientists calculate that an aluminum shield weighing about 4240 metric tons would be required for a 10-crew spaceboat, which would make the mission a complete no-go even with future technologies. So, the scientists opted to reduce radiation exposure by shortening the missions, which meant beefing up the propulsion system.
Their travel plan to Neptune, for example, was designed with a 5-year total mission duration to limit the radiation exposure. That would take us to Neptune in less than two years, which means going significantly faster than anything we have ever launched. For example, the New Horizons probe currently en route to Pluto—the fastest man-made object in space—has reached the distance of 16.74 AUs from the sun as of this writing. That took about 4.5 years, and it's only a little more than halfway to Neptune’s orbit at 30 AU.
To design the mission, the scientists also gave considerations to the size of the living space in which the astronauts would spend 5 years of their lives. They have compared the sizes of past large space habitats such as the Skylab, the Russian Mir, and the International Space Station to determine that approximately 200 cubic meters per person of habitable volume makes for a healthy living space. If the habitable space is spherical, a crew of 10 would need a 7.8 meter radius, or about twice the size of Discovery 1 in 2001: A Space Odyssey.
Not surprisingly, this dream voyage is not cheap. Based on the costs of historic large technological endeavors, the scientists project that a mission to Neptune would cost roughly 4 trillion dollars. To put this number in perspective, in 2009, the GDP of the US was about 14 trillion dollars, and the US federal budget was about 3.1 trillion dollars, of which NASA received only $17.6 billion. Due to the extreme financial cost associated with the plan, the authors conclude that, for the mission to materialize at all, it would have to be a large-scale international collaborative effort.
It is worth noting that the study is a technical dream exercise to show how it could be done. But it is exciting to think that such an exploration plan is no longer a pure fantasy, and it can now be considered in enough detail that we can identify what specific technologies must still be developed.
The value of such a mission is intrinsically subjective, and the economic value for such an effort is difficult to gauge at this stage. However, human beings have always dreamed of flying ever since we recognized the empty blue sky above us, and that imagination did not stop when we recognized the vast outer space beyond; the drive for exploration is human nature. The instinctive yearning to know what lies beyond the horizon has been one of the driving forces underlying human progress. So why stop here now?
ARGOSY: Architecture for Going to the Outer solar System
Solar System Exploration: A Vision for the Next 100 Years
