Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics | 2015 Apr 28
[c][attachment=0]N281Bok.jpg[/attachment][/c]How soon after the Big Bang could water have existed? Not right away, because water molecules contain oxygen and oxygen had to be formed in the first stars. Then that oxygen had to disperse and unite with hydrogen in significant amounts. New theoretical work finds that despite these complications, water vapor could have been just as abundant in pockets of space a billion years after the Big Bang as it is today.
"We looked at the chemistry within young molecular clouds containing a thousand times less oxygen than our Sun. To our surprise, we found we can get as much water vapor as we see in our own galaxy," says astrophysicist Avi Loeb of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA).
The early universe lacked elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. The first generation of stars are believed to have been massive and short-lived. Those stars generated elements like oxygen, which then spread outward via stellar winds and supernova explosions. This resulted in "islands" of gas enriched in heavy elements. Even these islands, however, were much poorer in oxygen than gas within the Milky Way today.
The team examined the chemical reactions that could lead to the formation of water within the oxygen-poor environment of early molecular clouds. They found that at temperatures around 80 degrees Fahrenheit (300 Kelvin), abundant water could form in the gas phase despite the relative lack of raw materials. ...
Water Formation During the Epoch of First Metal Enrichment - Shmuel Bialy, Amiel Sternberg, Abraham Loeb
- Astrophysical Journal Letters 804(2) L29 (2015 May 10) DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/804/2/L29
arXiv.org > astro-ph > arXiv:1503.03475 > 11 Mar 2015 (v1), 15 Apr 2015 (v2)