APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

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Expand view Topic review: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

Re: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

by Chris Peterson » Wed Feb 26, 2014 12:52 am

DavidLeodis wrote:The "recently been found" link brings up an abstract of 'First X-ray-Based Statistical Tests for Clumpy-Torus Models: Eclipse Events from 230 Years of Monitoring of Seyfert AGN'. As nobody else seems to have mentioned it I assume it is only me that was stunned by the 230 years! :shock:
They mean they've collected 230 years worth of data- several years each for 55 objects. Just like you can complete a hundred man-year project in one year if you have 100 men. Since it's a statistical analysis, the total amount of data is significant, not the absolute interval over which it was collected (which is just a few years).

Re: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

by DavidLeodis » Tue Feb 25, 2014 11:14 pm

The "recently been found" link brings up an abstract of 'First X-ray-Based Statistical Tests for Clumpy-Torus Models: Eclipse Events from 230 Years of Monitoring of Seyfert AGN'. As nobody else seems to have mentioned it I assume it is only me that was stunned by the 230 years! :shock:

Re: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

by DavidLeodis » Tue Feb 25, 2014 6:51 pm

Thanks Chris and geckzilla for your very prompt responses. :)

My security is up to date. Incidentally I've found that if I use the link with the APOD after I've used it in the discussion link then it brings up the website, but if I then delete my browsing history I again get the security warning when I try the APOD link. Strange! I use IE 10 and Norton.

I've just used Firefox and that worked OK. :?

Re: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

by Chris Peterson » Tue Feb 25, 2014 6:46 pm

geckzilla wrote:Alternatively, just do not use https. No question about how insecure http is! http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/xte/XTE.html
It's unclear why the original link is to the secure version of the page. Hardly seems necessary in this case.

Re: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

by geckzilla » Tue Feb 25, 2014 6:41 pm

Alternatively, just do not use https. No question about how insecure http is! http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/xte/XTE.html

Re: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

by Chris Peterson » Tue Feb 25, 2014 6:37 pm

DavidLeodis wrote:On clicking on the 'X-ray Timing Explorer' link in the explanation to the APOD I get a security alert in which it states "The security certificate presented by this website was not issued by a trusted certificate authority. Security certificate problems may indicate an attempt to fool you or intercept any data you send to the server. We recommend that you close this webpage and do not continue to this website.". However, when I click on the same link in the explanation with this discussion about the APOD I bring up the website! I wonder if anyone else has/had this problem? :?
I think it's a configuration problem with your computer. On my machine, using Firefox, I get no such error, and I can view the certificate and see the issuer (Entrust, Inc). The certificate is in force and unexpired. Maybe you haven't updated your software lately? Certificate authority updates are normally a part of every Windows update. Not sure how Macs handle this.

In any case, the site is perfectly safe to visit. You can add an exception.

Re: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

by DavidLeodis » Tue Feb 25, 2014 6:30 pm

On clicking on the 'X-ray Timing Explorer' link in the explanation to the APOD I get a security alert in which it states "The security certificate presented by this website was not issued by a trusted certificate authority. Security certificate problems may indicate an attempt to fool you or intercept any data you send to the server. We recommend that you close this webpage and do not continue to this website.". However, when I click on the same link in the explanation with this discussion about the APOD I bring up the website! I wonder if anyone else has/had this problem? :?

Re: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

by BDanielMayfield » Tue Feb 25, 2014 2:55 am

Warning to Starship Crew: When contemplating piloting our ship or a shuttle craft into the jet of an active galactic nuclei, pilots must consider cosmic rays.
Wikipedia wrote:Cosmic rays are very high-energy particles, mainly originating outside the Solar System. They may produce showers of secondary particles that penetrate and impact the Earth's atmosphere and sometimes even reach the surface. Composed primarily of high-energy protons and atomic nuclei, they are of mysterious origin. Data from the Fermi space telescope (2013) have been interpreted as evidence that a significant fraction of primary cosmic rays originate from the supernovae of massive stars. However, this is not thought to be their only source. Active galactic nuclei probably also produce cosmic rays...

Cosmic rays attract great interest practically, due to the damage they inflict on microelectronics and life outside the protection of an atmosphere and magnetic field, and scientifically, because the energies of the most energetic ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) have been observed to approach 3 × 1020 eV, about 40 million times the energy of particles accelerated by the Large Hadron Collider...

Of primary cosmic rays, which originate outside of Earth's atmosphere, about 99% are the nuclei (stripped of their electron shells) of well-known atoms, and about 1% are solitary electrons (similar to beta particles). Of the nuclei, about 90% are simple protons, i. e. hydrogen nuclei; 9% are alpha particles, and 1% are the nuclei of heavier elements.
And by all means, make sure shields are at full power.

Re: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

by Chris Peterson » Mon Feb 24, 2014 11:58 pm

Anthony Barreiro wrote:Oh, but we're so much bigger and more complicated than a photon or electron. Who knows where they're popping in and out of reality, like tiny Dr. Who's?
Just means you have to wait longer.

I should point out that this very communication is dependent upon the ability of electrons to disappear and reappear at a quantum level (many of the devices in your computer depend on quantum tunneling, as do many imaging devices).

Re: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

by Anthony Barreiro » Mon Feb 24, 2014 11:41 pm

Chris Peterson wrote:
Anthony Barreiro wrote:I love that quantum mechanics is probablistic rather than deterministic. Anything can happen, although some things are more likely than others, and at either extreme there are the practical limits of "virtually certain" and "virtually impossible."
Indeed. Your wavefunction extends very far (but probably not infinitely far). At any moment, you could find yourself unexpectedly on the Moon, without having to pass through the intervening space. How convenient. Briefly. Of course, statistically, only part of you would end up there. Quantum travel can get messy.
Oh, but we're so much bigger and more complicated than a photon or electron. Who knows where they're popping in and out of reality, like tiny Dr. Who's?

Re: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

by Beyond » Mon Feb 24, 2014 10:18 pm

Chris Peterson wrote:
Anthony Barreiro wrote:I love that quantum mechanics is probablistic rather than deterministic. Anything can happen, although some things are more likely than others, and at either extreme there are the practical limits of "virtually certain" and "virtually impossible."
Indeed. Your wavefunction extends very far (but probably not infinitely far). At any moment, you could find yourself unexpectedly on the Moon, without having to pass through the intervening space. How convenient. Briefly. Of course, statistically, only part of you would end up there. Quantum travel can get messy.
"Messy", a neat and tidy word for it. :mrgreen:

Re: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

by Chris Peterson » Mon Feb 24, 2014 10:11 pm

Anthony Barreiro wrote:I love that quantum mechanics is probablistic rather than deterministic. Anything can happen, although some things are more likely than others, and at either extreme there are the practical limits of "virtually certain" and "virtually impossible."
Indeed. Your wavefunction extends very far (but probably not infinitely far). At any moment, you could find yourself unexpectedly on the Moon, without having to pass through the intervening space. How convenient. Briefly. Of course, statistically, only part of you would end up there. Quantum travel can get messy.

Re: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

by Anthony Barreiro » Mon Feb 24, 2014 10:00 pm

Spif wrote:...
In my limited understanding of quantum mechanics, string theories notwithstanding, fundamental particles aren't really physical balls of stuff with a physical radius. Rather, they are more like roving probability waves. When the probability wave of one particle overlaps with the probability wave from another particle, there is a chance that the two will interact dramatically (ie: collision). The chance of an interaction increases with the amplitude of each probability wave in the areas where the waves overlap significantly.

(Technically, all particles have wave functions that extend to infinity (as big as the universe), but at some point their wave function amplitude becomes so infinitesimally small that an interaction is unlikely to occur even once in a period of time equal to the age of the universe, effectively "never".)

-s
That's a lovely description. I probably learned more from your educated layperson's explanation than I would learn from experts whose knowledge is so complex that they can't put it into simple terms. Plus, they would be arguing with one another about subtleties that are totally beyond my simple understanding.

I love that quantum mechanics is probablistic rather than deterministic. Anything can happen, although some things are more likely than others, and at either extreme there are the practical limits of "virtually certain" and "virtually impossible."

Re: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

by Spif » Mon Feb 24, 2014 9:37 pm

Chris Peterson wrote:
Beyond wrote:Heh, i almost said massive, but for us non-scientific folks, it's included in 'bigger'.
So a proton and electron are physically the same size?
Subatomic particles don't really have sizes in the classical sense. An electron is believed to have no internal structure, so it is considered to have no size- a volumeless point. A proton is made up of quarks, and has a sort of size, called a charge radius. Really, though, at the quantum scale "size" is usually not very meaningful. The properties that define behavior are different- charge, rest mass, angular momentum, and others.
My understanding is that particles do have "cross sections" ... which is a statistically typical interaction radius that reflects the likelihood of the particle reacting with something when it comes close. I believe collision cross sections can vary depending on the particular force involved in the interaction and with the properties of the particles involved. Cross section can be thought of as an effective size.

As I recall then, in regard to cross section, electrons are considered to be quite large and puffy because they are light and yet they are very likely to interact with other charged particles and thereby suffer a "collision".

But I never took a particle physics or a QCD class... Maybe someone can fill in more in that regard.

In my limited understanding of quantum mechanics, string theories notwithstanding, fundamental particles aren't really physical balls of stuff with a physical radius. Rather, they are more like roving probability waves. When the probability wave of one particle overlaps with the probability wave from another particle, there is a chance that the two will interact dramatically (ie: collision). The chance of an interaction increases with the amplitude of each probability wave in the areas where the waves overlap significantly.

(Technically, all particles have wave functions that extend to infinity (as big as the universe), but at some point their wave function amplitude becomes so infinitesimally small that an interaction is unlikely to occur even once in a period of time equal to the age of the universe, effectively "never".)

-s

Re: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

by Chris Peterson » Mon Feb 24, 2014 9:18 pm

Beyond wrote:Heh, i almost said massive, but for us non-scientific folks, it's included in 'bigger'.
So a proton and electron are physically the same size?
Subatomic particles don't really have sizes in the classical sense. An electron is believed to have no internal structure, so it is considered to have no size- a volumeless point. A proton is made up of quarks, and has a sort of size, called a charge radius. Really, though, at the quantum scale "size" is usually not very meaningful. The properties that define behavior are different- charge, rest mass, angular momentum, and others.

Re: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

by neufer » Mon Feb 24, 2014 9:16 pm

Beyond wrote:
So a proton and electron are physically the same size?
The electron is generally considered to be a fundamental point particle and hence has no size.

The proton is considered to be a composite of 3 fundamental point particles (i.e., quarks)
which orbit about each other giving the proton a size of about 10-13 cm.

Re: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

by Beyond » Mon Feb 24, 2014 9:00 pm

Heh, i almost said massive, but for us non-scientific folks, it's included in 'bigger'.
So a proton and electron are physically the same size?

Re: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

by Chris Peterson » Mon Feb 24, 2014 8:23 pm

Beyond wrote:
neufer wrote:The proton flux has to match the electron flux to keep electrical neutrality.

A proton moving at the same velocity as an electron packs a lot more energy.
Because it's a lot bigger?, diminutively speaking.
Not bigger, but more massive. About 1800 times more massive, which means 1800 times more kinetic energy for a given velocity.

Re: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

by Boomer12k » Mon Feb 24, 2014 8:22 pm

Don't forget the SPF 1,000,000,000,000....

:---[===] *

Re: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

by Beyond » Mon Feb 24, 2014 7:16 pm

neufer wrote:
Spif wrote:
Protons and gamma rays can be penetrating but I think electrons would at most produce a heating effect on a spacecraft?
The proton flux has to match the electron flux to keep electrical neutrality.

A proton moving at the same velocity as an electron packs a lot more energy.
Because it's a lot bigger?, diminutively speaking.

Re: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

by neufer » Mon Feb 24, 2014 4:26 pm

Spif wrote:
Protons and gamma rays can be penetrating but I think electrons would at most produce a heating effect on a spacecraft?
The proton flux has to match the electron flux to keep electrical neutrality.

A proton moving at the same velocity as an electron packs a lot more energy.

Re: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

by Spif » Mon Feb 24, 2014 4:04 pm

BDanielMayfield wrote:
Ann wrote:I think it might be dangerous to look down the jet of an active galaxy.

Ann
For sure, and not just looking down the jet. It wouldn't be wise to fly across it ether!
I wonder what the numbers are like... energy flux and particle flux?

I recall vaguely from my high energy astro class (a couple decades ago) that there is supposed to be a stream of electrons that are highly relativistic. Presumably there are protons too? EM Radiation?

Protons and gamma rays can be penetrating but I think electrons would at most produce a heating effect on a spacecraft?

-s

Re: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

by Beyond » Mon Feb 24, 2014 1:27 pm

BDanielMayfield wrote:
orin stepanek wrote:Aw; you'd die of old age before you got close enough to look at it! :mrgreen:
But aging is only a temporary problem.

Bruce
Yeah, it's like being always stuck-in-the-mud. It sucks and you can't get out of it, until...

Re: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

by BDanielMayfield » Mon Feb 24, 2014 1:01 pm

orin stepanek wrote:Aw; you'd die of old age before you got close enough to look at it! :mrgreen:
But aging is only a temporary problem.

Bruce

Re: APOD: The Cloudy Cores of Active Galaxies (2014 Feb 24)

by orin stepanek » Mon Feb 24, 2014 12:20 pm

Aw; you'd die of old age before you got close enough to look at it! :mrgreen:

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