APOD: Colliding Spiral Galaxies from Webb... (2025 Jan 06)

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APOD: Colliding Spiral Galaxies from Webb... (2025 Jan 06)

Post by APOD Robot » Mon Jan 06, 2025 5:06 am

Image Colliding Spiral Galaxies from Webb and Hubble

Explanation: Billions of years from now, only one of these two galaxies will remain. Until then, spiral galaxies NGC 2207 and IC 2163 will slowly pull each other apart, creating tides of matter, sheets of shocked gas, lanes of dark dust, bursts of star formation, and streams of cast-away stars. The [url=https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/i ... RFG31ARSV6" >featured image</a> in scientifically assigned colors is a composite of <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/]Hubble[/url] exposures in visible light and Webb exposures in infrared light. Astronomers predict that NGC 2207, the larger galaxy on the right, will eventually incorporate IC 2163, the smaller galaxy on the left. In the most recent encounter that about peaked 40 million years ago, the smaller galaxy is swinging around counter-clockwise and is now slightly behind the larger galaxy. The space between stars is so vast that when galaxies collide, the stars in them usually do not collide.

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Re: APOD: Colliding Spiral Galaxies from Webb... (2025 Jan 06)

Post by RocketRon » Mon Jan 06, 2025 5:35 am

Spectacular image.
Do we have an estimate of how far apart they are ?

"In billions of years" could suggest that Andromeda and The Milky Way are in a similar situation.
And would look similar - if viewed from a suitable viewpoint ?

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Re: APOD: Colliding Spiral Galaxies from Webb... (2025 Jan 06)

Post by Ann » Mon Jan 06, 2025 7:59 am

I found a smaller version of this image that I can post directly (grinning smugly):

Hubblesite wrote:

The gruesome palette of these galaxies is owed to a mix of mid-infrared light from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, and visible and ultraviolet light from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope.
While I wouldn't go so far as to call the palette gruesome, I do think it is a bit much. So let's look at a few other pictures of this pair, first in optical light:


I do find this picture a bit ugly, because of its dominant dirty yellow-brown palette. This color is particularly obvious in the background color in the disk of NGC 2207. I mean this color:

NGC 2207 detail NASA ESA Hubble Heritage.png

I could compare the color to something, but I'd rather not. You might be eating.

There is another picture where the overall disk color of NGC 2207 (minus the sites of obvious star formation) is bluish:


Nice, isn't it? NGC 2207 looks like a large soft haphazardly shaped bluish cloud with a yellow center and bits of pink and blue star formation scattered in the cloud. IC 2163, by contrast, looks all the more concentrated, although drawn-out in one direction.

We have good reasons to believe that the disk of NGC 2207 is indeed bluer than the bulge surrounding the core of NGC 2207. The bulge stars are not blue at all but definitely yellow. Almost certainly most of the bulge stars are old, and they were born from (now depleted) gas that had been recycled through many episodes of star formation and supernova explosions (and the death of red giant stars), and was therefore metal-rich and relatively "opaque". The stellar population away from the bulge (minus the regions of star formation) can be expected to have formed from gas that was less metal-rich and less opaque, and the disk population may also contain a not insignificant number of bluish A-type stars.

Also there is still fresh gas to be had in the disk, which is why NGC 2207 has so many seemingly haphazardly scattered sites of star formation, with young clusters and pink emission nebulas.

But even I must admit that NGC 2207/IC 2163 look their most magnificent in a pure MIRI mid infrared image:


Note how one arm from IC 2163 appears to cross over into NGC 2207 and join with one arm of NGC 2207! I don't think it is happening for real, particularly since IC 2163 is behind NGC 2207, but it is fun to imagine.

NGC 2207 IC 2163 MIRI Thomas Carpentier annotated.png
Arm from IC 2163 crossing over and joining NGC 2207?
Not likely, but fun to imagine!

Ann
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Last edited by Ann on Mon Jan 06, 2025 2:35 pm, edited 1 time in total.
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Re: APOD: Colliding Spiral Galaxies from Webb... (2025 Jan 06)

Post by Ann » Mon Jan 06, 2025 8:35 am

RocketRon wrote: Mon Jan 06, 2025 5:35 am Spectacular image.
Do we have an estimate of how far apart they are ?

"In billions of years" could suggest that Andromeda and The Milky Way are in a similar situation.
And would look similar - if viewed from a suitable viewpoint ?


I asked Google, "How far apart are NGC 2207 and IC 2163?" and was told, 80 million light-years! I don't think so! 80 million light-years is how far NGC 2207 and IC 2163 are from the Earth (approximately).

So instead I asked, "What is the separation between NGC 2207 and IC 2163?". Now Google got flustered. Instead of answering, it helpfully provided me with another question that I might ask to get a more satisfying answer. So it suggested that I should ask, "What sort of galaxy is NGC?"

I don't think that's a good question!!! ☹️ 😣 😖 😫

NGC, New General Catalogue, is an astronomical catalog compiled by John Louis Emil Dreyer in 1888. It's a handy catalog which lists a lot of bright galaxies, nebulas and star clusters. But it does not tell us about the separation between NGC 2207 and IC 2163!

So I guess that no one knows about the separation between NGC 2207 and IC 2163. However, these two galaxies are not like Andromeda and the Milky Way. NGC 2207 and IC 2163 have already passed very close to one another - in fact, they may have grazed each other - but Andromeda and the Milky Way have never been closer to one another than they are now, or so I understand it.


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Re: APOD: Colliding Spiral Galaxies from Webb... (2025 Jan 06)

Post by Ann » Mon Jan 06, 2025 1:07 pm

The NGC 2207/IC 2163 pair is an example of overlapping galaxies.

NGC 2207 IC 2163 NASA ESA and The Hubble Heritage detail annotated.png
One arm of NGC 2207 is passing in front of IC 2163.
Credit: NASA/ESA and The Hubble Heritage Team

When galaxies overlap, you can sometimes see how a spiral arm that passes in front of another galaxy looks like a dust feature only, with no star formation.


In the overlapping pair AM 1316-24, you can see that the spiral component at left has an inner disk rich in star formation. But the outer spiral arm that passes in front of the elliptical component looks like a dust feature only, without star formation. This means that the presence of gas and dust in itself is not enough for star formation to get started.

The components of AM 1316-24 are believed to be interacting. That is not the case for what might be the most famous of all overlapping galaxies, NGC 3314:


You can see that the arms of NGC 3314A look mostly brown from dust when seen against the bright disk of NGC 3314B, but when the arms of NGC 3314A are seen against the blackness of space, they look blue.

Science.Nasa.gov wrote about NGC 3314:

The motion of the two galaxies indicates that they are both relatively undisturbed and that they are moving in markedly different directions. This indicates they are not on any collision course. NGC 3314A's warped shape is likely due to an encounter with another nearby galaxy, perhaps the large spiral galaxy NGC 3312 (located outside the Hubble image).

Indeed, the shape of NGC 3314 is "warped". It seems to be squashed at upper left, whereas, by contrast, it flares out a lower right. The reason might be that NGC 3314A is a so called "jellyfish galaxy", a galaxy that gets compressed in one direction and loses its gas in the opposite direction at it moves through, usually, the hot gas of a cluster of galaxies. This appears to be what is happening to NGC 3314A, but not to NGC 3314B! On the other hand, it appears to be happening to NGC 3312, too!


Both NGC 3314A and NGC 3312 have "tails" of gas and stars flowing away from them, but NGC 3314B is sufficiently far away from NGC 3314A that it appears to be unaffected.

The distance between NGC 3314A and NGC 3314B is said to be about ten times the distance between the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy, or some 20-25 million light-years.

Clearly the distance between NGC 2207 and IC 2163 must be smaller, since this galactic pair is not only overlapping but also interacting.

Ann
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Re: APOD: Colliding Spiral Galaxies from Webb... (2025 Jan 06)

Post by Christian G. » Mon Jan 06, 2025 2:46 pm

Ann wrote: Mon Jan 06, 2025 1:07 pm The NGC 2207/IC 2163 pair is an example of overlapping galaxies.
I'm glad you bring this up, galactic overlaps can be such a pretty sight! Here's another example where we see depth very well:
galactic overlap ngc4567 - 4568.jpeg
NGC 4567/4568, Judy Schmidt
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Re: APOD: Colliding Spiral Galaxies from Webb... (2025 Jan 06)

Post by AVAO » Mon Jan 06, 2025 9:43 pm

Ann wrote: Mon Jan 06, 2025 1:07 pm The NGC 2207/IC 2163 pair is an example of overlapping galaxies.

NGC 2207 IC 2163 NASA ESA and The Hubble Heritage detail annotated.png
One arm of NGC 2207 is passing in front of IC 2163.
Credit: NASA/ESA and The Hubble Heritage Team

When galaxies overlap, you can sometimes see how a spiral arm that passes in front of another galaxy looks like a dust feature only, with no star formation.


In the overlapping pair AM 1316-24, you can see that the spiral component at left has an inner disk rich in star formation. But the outer spiral arm that passes in front of the elliptical component looks like a dust feature only, without star formation. This means that the presence of gas and dust in itself is not enough for star formation to get started.

The components of AM 1316-24 are believed to be interacting. That is not the case for what might be the most famous of all overlapping galaxies, NGC 3314:


You can see that the arms of NGC 3314A look mostly brown from dust when seen against the bright disk of NGC 3314B, but when the arms of NGC 3314A are seen against the blackness of space, they look blue.

Science.Nasa.gov wrote about NGC 3314:

The motion of the two galaxies indicates that they are both relatively undisturbed and that they are moving in markedly different directions. This indicates they are not on any collision course. NGC 3314A's warped shape is likely due to an encounter with another nearby galaxy, perhaps the large spiral galaxy NGC 3312 (located outside the Hubble image).

Indeed, the shape of NGC 3314 is "warped". It seems to be squashed at upper left, whereas, by contrast, it flares out a lower right. The reason might be that NGC 3314A is a so called "jellyfish galaxy", a galaxy that gets compressed in one direction and loses its gas in the opposite direction at it moves through, usually, the hot gas of a cluster of galaxies. This appears to be what is happening to NGC 3314A, but not to NGC 3314B! On the other hand, it appears to be happening to NGC 3312, too!


Both NGC 3314A and NGC 3312 have "tails" of gas and stars flowing away from them, but NGC 3314B is sufficiently far away from NGC 3314A that it appears to be unaffected.

The distance between NGC 3314A and NGC 3314B is said to be about ten times the distance between the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy, or some 20-25 million light-years.

Clearly the distance between NGC 2207 and IC 2163 must be smaller, since this galactic pair is not only overlapping but also interacting.

Ann

ThanX Ann

Very cool research with great pictures.

An exciting question for me is: Who has the brightest core in the IR ?
The answer is surprising. It is clearly the core of the secret, second, illegitimate child in the top right .-)

Jac

Original data: NASA/ESA/CSA (JWST/MIRI F770) jac berne (flickr)
bigger https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/542 ... 222f_o.jpg

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Re: APOD: Colliding Spiral Galaxies from Webb... (2025 Jan 06)

Post by Ann » Tue Jan 07, 2025 4:33 am

AVAO wrote: Mon Jan 06, 2025 9:43 pm
ThanX Ann

Very cool research with great pictures.

An exciting question for me is: Who has the brightest core in the IR ?
The answer is surprising. It is clearly the core of the secret, second, illegitimate child in the top right .-)

Jac

Original data: NASA/ESA/CSA (JWST/MIRI F770) jac berne (flickr)
bigger https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/542 ... 222f_o.jpg
Indeed, Jac! What is that thing? Could it be a an extraordinarily large and dusty site of star formation (because it isn't a galactic core, surely, since there is no independent galaxy there)?

NGC 2207 site of star formation NASA ESA Hubble Heritage.png

Is it this thing?

To me it is also interesting that the core of IC 2163 is almost invisible in mid infrared. I guess it is nearly dust-free, right? That must mean, too, that IC 2163 doesn't have an accreting black hole in its center, because if it did have an accretion disk that would surely show up, wouldn't it?

Ann
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